Figure 4

Schematic illustration explaining the focusing and shadowing effect. According to the definition given in Ref. [5], which was made by Katayama et al., the incident angle was changed from 90° (normal to the sample surface) towards the lower angle. The angular dependence of the CAICISS signal can be obtained because both effects correspond to the atomic arrangement on surface, as observed in the middle. Variations in the TOF spectra are induced by changing the incident angle, as shown on the right. The dependence of the integrated peak (colored area) of the TOF spectra on the angle corresponds to the CAICISS result shown on the bottom of the left-hand side, which can be used to determine the polarity and the surface structure.

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